研究内容
窗户操作行为在居住建筑中对室内热舒适、空气质量以及运行能耗具有重要影响。研究选取澳大利亚布里斯班与中国杭州两座气候条件相似但文化背景迥异的城市，通过实测监测与问卷调查相结合的方式，分析了居民在卧室与起居空间中的窗户使用行为及其对热环境的感知反应。
研究结果表明，两地居民普遍可接受的室内温度范围为16.3°C至28.6°C，相较ASHRAE-55自适应模型所定义的舒适区间扩大了约5°C。尽管两地居民在热感受上的差异不大，但窗户操作行为却呈现出显著差异。
研究重点计算了两个关键行为指标：每日平均开窗时长（即每日平均窗户开启小时数）与每日平均开窗频次（即每日窗户开启或关闭的平均次数）。在布里斯班，这两个指标与室外气温呈现较强的相关性。夏季与春季，居民的每日平均开窗频次较高；而在冬季，每日平均开窗时长与频次均显著下降，表明气候因素对其窗户操作具有直接影响。相较之下，杭州居民的开窗行为季节性变化不明显，即使在冬季，每日平均开窗时长依然保持较高水平，但每日平均开窗频次偏低。
问卷调查结果进一步印证了这一趋势。布里斯班居民开窗主要出于温度调节需求；而杭州居民则更关注室内空气新鲜度，尤其在卧室空间，即便会影响热舒适性，也倾向于通过开窗改善空气质量。
行为差异不仅受到气候条件的影响，还与文化背景、住宅类型及日常生活习惯密切相关。在布里斯班，大多数样本为独立式住宅。出于安全考虑，居民往往在无人居住时关闭室内窗户，尤其是起居空间的窗户。而杭州样本多为高层公寓，居民在无人状态下亦倾向于保持窗户开启。两地的通风模式也存在差异，杭州居民多在固定时段（如清晨与夜间）进行通风，而布里斯班居民则更倾向于根据当日室外温度情况动态调整窗户状态。
研究揭示了当前建筑设计与能耗模拟中对真实居住行为考虑不足的问题，提出应在设计与模拟工具中引入更具灵活性和情境适应性的行为模型，并建议对现有相关标准和热舒适阈值进行再评估，以更准确地反映实际使用行为，提升室内环境的舒适性与适应性。
英文摘要
Window operation plays a crucial role in shaping thermal comfort, indoor air quality, and operational energy use in residential settings. Residents’ window operating behaviours can vary widely depending on several household factors, such as climate, building construction type, and cultural background. Window operating behaviours are known to influence the perception of thermal comfort in residential settings, but there may be other motivations driving those decisions. This study investigates thermal comfort and window operating behaviour observed in 41 bedrooms and living rooms in Brisbane, Australia, and 13 bedrooms and 9 living rooms in Hangzhou, China. Findings from questionnaires and instrumentally measured data reveal a wide acceptable temperature range of 16.3 to 28.6 °C in both cities, exceeding the comfort limits defined by the ASHRAE-55 adaptive model by 5 K. Window operating behaviours between the two locations differ despite similar thermal sensations. Brisbane residents’ window operating behaviour responded more closely to outdoor temperatures, while Hangzhou residents prioritised fresh air in bedrooms. These results underscore the need for more flexible, context-specific approaches in building design and energy simulation tools, as well as a reassessment of existing standards and temperature thresholds to better reflect residential behaviours and enhance occupant comfort.
项目支持
该研究得到了悉尼大学–浙江大学Ignition联合基金项目2024（Overheating in Residential Buildings: A Comparison between Sydney, Brisbane and Hangzhou），澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织CSIRO（C038035）及“十三五”国家重点研发计划课题“（2016YFC0700301）的支持。
论文信息
Xiao, Y., Lv, Y., Chen, S., Parkinson, T., Wu, J., Kim, J., Luo, J., Lei, H., Gao, Y., & Xiong, J. (2025). Understanding window operating behaviours in residential settings: A comparison between Brisbane and Hangzhou. Building and Environment, 283, 113327.